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ON THE NATURE OF THE UNIVERSE

SYNOPSIS

BOOK ONE

Introduction

1-49 prayer to Venus for inspiration and peace
50-61 appeal to Memmius to listen
62-79 praise of Epicurus for saving man from superstition
80-101 the impiety of religion
102-35 no punishment after death
136-45 difficulty of the task

Existence of Atoms

146-214 nothing can be made out of nothing
215-64 nothing can be destroyed into nothing, but only broken up into constituent atoms
265-328 matter is made up of invisible particles

Existence of Empty Space

329-417 the universe is space as well as solid matter

Everything is Composed of These Two, Matter and Space

418-48 there is no third form of existence
449-82 all qualities are properties and accidents of matter and space

Atoms Cannot Be Destroyed (483-634)

Refutation of False Theories

635-704 Monists, who believe that the universe is made up of one substance, such as fire (Heraclitus )
70 5-829 Pluralists, who think that everything is made up of two or more substances (e.g., Empedocles)
830-920 Anaxagoras and his theory that component parts are made up of the same material as the thing itself

The Nature of the Universe

921-1007 it is infinite in space
1008-1051 and infinite in matter
1052-1113  it has no centre for all matter to gravitate towards

Conclusion

1114-17 encouragement to the reader

BOOK TWO

Introduction

1-61 the wise man surveys struggling humanity

Atomic Movement

62-141 they are constantly moving - falling or rebounding
142-66 they move faster than light
(167-8 3 digression: gods did not make the world)
184-215 atoms usually move downwards
216-93 swerving from the vertical at times
294-307 in a constant state of congestion
308-32 they seem immobile, but they are not

Atomic Character and Shape

333-477 varieties of atomic size and shape cause variation in the properties of objects
478-521 there is only a finite number of different atomic shapes
522-68 but an infinite number of atoms of any one shape
(569-81 digression: creation balances destruction)
582-699 all objects are compounds of different kinds of atom
(589-660 digression: worship of Mother Earth)
700-729 number of possible compounds is finite
730-841 atoms have no color
842-64 nor heat, sound, taste and smell
865-990 nor feeling
991-1022 father sky, mother earth; death breaks up all atomic compounds, whose nature is determined by their atomic structure

Three General Statements

1023-89 there must be an infinite number of worlds
1090-1104 there is no divine interference in the self-regulated working of nature
1105-74 the world had a beginning and will have an end

BOOK THREE

Introduction

1-30 praise of Epicurus for showing us the truth
31-93 fear of death is the root of evil

Mind and Spirit

94-135 the mind and soul are part of the body and made of matter: they are not a 'harmony'
136-60 the mind in the breast and the spirit (spread throughout the body) compose one single substance, but the mind is dominant.
161-76 mind-spirit is corporeal as it interacts with the body
177-230 spirit is made up of very small, light and smooth atoms
 
231-322 spirit is compounded of wind, air, heat and a fourth element, combined in different proportions
323-69 life depends on the unity of body and mind/spirit
370-95 the quantity of spirit in the body is very small
396-416 mind controls spirit

Mortality of the Soul

417-829 arguments to prove that mind and spirit were born and will die

Conclusion

830-977 death is nothing to us
978-1023 demythologizing of the legends of torments after death
1024-94 happiness is acceptance of mortality

BOOK FOUR

Introduction

1-25 the poet and his poetic and philosophical mission

Vision

26-128 object shed films from their surface
129-42 these films can combine to form compound images
143-229 they travel very fast
230-68 vision is caused by the contact of these films on the eyes
269-323 how images are reflected by mirrors
324-468 optical illusions
469-521 refutation of the Sceptics' mistrust of the senses

Other Senses

5 22-3 preface
5 24-614 hearing
615-721 taste
673-721 smell

Thought and Volition

722-76 mental images are flimsier than visual images and only mind atoms are touched by them
777-822 only those images to which the mind pays special attention are perceived
(823-76 digression: refutation of teleological view of the functions of the body)
877-906 volition comes from the impact of mental images
907-1036 images act on the mind in sleep

Sex and Love

1037-57 images stimulate the sex organs
1058-1191 romantic love disturbs sanity
1192-1208 the joys of sex are mutual
1209-87 aspects of fertility and sexual habits

BOOK FIVE

Introduction

1-90 praise of Epicurus' achievements and syllabus of the book

The World

91-415 the world is mortal and was not created by the gods
416-508 Random atoms coming together form the world
509-770 astronomical phenomena - sun, moon etc,

Life on Earth

771-836 origins of life on earth
837-924 how some species died out, and how some mythical species can never have existed

Human Society

925-1010 the life of primitive man
1011-27 the social contract and origin of law
1028-90 origin of language
1091-1104 discovery of fire
1105-60 property and political power
1161-1240 the birth of superstition out of ignorance
1241-1349 the technology of warfare: use of metals and animals in battle
I350-60 textiles
1361-78 agriculture
1379-1411 music
1412-35 man's constant quest for novelty
1436-47 time, towns, ships, poetry
1448-57 progress

BOOK SIX

Introduction

1-42 Athens and Epicurus
43-95 summary of the book - the sky and L.'s anti-theological views of celestial phenomena

The Sky and Its Phenomena

96-159 thunder
160-218 lightning
219-378 thunderbolts explained
379-422 attack on the theological view of thunderbolts
423-50 waterspouts
451-94 clouds
495-523 rain
524-34 rainbows, snow, wind, hail, frost and ice obey the same laws

The Earth and Its Wonders

535-607 earthquakes
608-38 the sea and its constant size
639-711 volcanoes
712-37 the River Nile
738-839 'Avernian' lakes
840-905 wonderful springs
906-1089 the magnet

Epidemic Diseases

1090-1137 epidemics and their causes
1138-1286  the great plague at Athens

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