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PRINCIPLES OF GEOLOGY |
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INDEX PART 2 NAPLES, history of the volcanic district round, 326 ____ Royal Academy of, their account of the earthquake of 1783, 413 Natchitoches lake, 190 Nature, uniformity of the order of, 85, 105, 164, 311, 337 Necker, M., on Moute Somma, 394 Needles, Isle of Wight, composed of chalk, 280 Neptune, temple of, under water in the Bay of Baire, 454 Neptunists and Vulcanists, rival factions of, 60 Newhaven, its cliffs undermined, 278 New Holland, proportion of ferns to other plants in, 123 New Kameni, account of the formation of in 1707, 386 ____ covered with living shells when first thrown up, 393 New Madrid shaken by earthquakes, 1811, 408 Newhaven, arsenal and dock overflowed by the sea, 265 New York, excessive climate of, 107 New Zealand has no indigenous land quadrupeds, 129 Niagara, excavation caused by the receding cataract of, 89 ____ falls of, 179 ____ Capt. Hall on, 180 ____ Mr. Bakewell, Jun. on, 181 ____ width, &c. of the falls of, 180 ____ their gradual recession, 181 ____ probably once at Queenstown, 181 ____ probable time which they will require to reach Lake Erie, 181 Nicaragua, volcanos in, 316 Nice, depth of the Mediterranean near, 237, 252 ____ tertiary conglomerate of, 238 Nicolosi destroyed by earthquake, 364 Niebuhr cited, 74 Nile, delta of the, 238 ____ its delta modified since the time of Homer, 238 ____ its ancient mouths, 238 Nipon, great number of volcanos in, 318 Norfolk, waste of the cliffs of, 267 ____ ancient villages washed away in, 269 ____ gain of land on its coast, 270 Norte, transportation of sediment by the river, 310 North America, animals imbedded in ice and snow in, 98 Northmavine, blocks of stone drifted by the sea, see woodcut No. 7, 260 Northstrand, account of its destruction by the sea, 290 Northumberland, dicotyledonous wood found in the coal-field of, 147 ____ land destroyed by the sea in, 266 Notre Dame des Ports, formerly a harbour, now a league from the shore, 233 Norway free from earthquakes, 232 Norwich once situated on an arm of the sea, 269 Nugent, Dr., on the Pitch Lake of Trinidad, 218 Nymphs, temple of, under water in the Bay of Baiae, 454 Nyoe, a new island formed in 1783, 372 OBSEQUENS, his account of an eruption in Ischia, 92 B.G., supposed erroneous, 334 Obsidian, regarded by Wernerians as of aqueous origin, 60 Ocean, permanency of the level of the, 459 Oceanic deltas, 240 Odoardi, on the distinct ages of the Apennnine and Subapennine strata, 51 Ogygian deluge, 320, 332 Ohio, junction of with the Mississippi, 185 Old red sandstone, scales of fish found in the, 148 Olivi considered fossil remains as sports of nature, 1552, 26 ____ on the distribution of sediment in the Adriatic, 237 Omar, persecuted for his work on the "Retreat of the Sea," 21 Oolitic series, remains of cetacea in the, 150 Opossum, remains of an, found in the Stonelifield slate, 150 Oppido, the central point of the Calabrian earthquake, 415, 420 ____ houses engulphed in, 420 ____ chasm in a hill near, see woodcut No. 23, 420 Orcia, river, 203 Organic life, effect of changes in land and sea on, 113 Organic remains, controversy as to the real nature of, 23 ____ marine, referred by some to the Mosaic deluge, 23 ____ theory of Majoli concerning, 1597, 26 ____ not referrible to the deluge according to Palissy, 1580, 26 ____ Moro on, 42 ____ Generelli on, 44 ____ progress of the French in the study of, 72 ____ importance of the study of, 72 ____ contemporary origin of rocks proved by, 72 growing importance of the study of, 73 ____ unity of the system in distant eras proved by, 73 ____ from the lias to the chalk, inclusive, 133 ____ abrupt transition from those of the secondary to those of the tertiary rocks, 139 ____ of the oldest strata, 147 Orinoco, subsidence of a small island in the, 437 Orkney Islands, promontory of Sand cut off by the sea, 263 Orpheus, on the duration of the Annus Magnus, 9 Orwell river has shifted its course very recently, 274 Otranto, fossils of, 94 Ovid, his account of the Pythagorean system, 12 Owthorne, village of, in great part destroyed by the spa, 266 ____ rate of encroachment at, 266 Oxygen, its action on rocks, 169 PACIFIC ocean, La Place on the mean depth of the, 115 __ shelly limestone now forming in the south, 130 ____ its mean height above the Atlantic, 293 ____ a vast theatre of igneous action, 318 Padua, Arduino on the mountains of, 49 Paestum, formation of limestone near, 206 Pakefield, waste of the cliffs at, 272 ____ village nearly swept away, 272 Palermo, rocks in the bay perforated by shells, 231 ____ its outline not changed in last two thousand years, 231 Palestine shaken by earthquakes, 321 Paley, Dr., on the uniformity of the plan of nature, 159 Palissy, first French writer who asserted the true nature of organic remains, 27 Pallas, on the mountain-chains of Siberia, 54 ____ on the former greater extent of the Caspian Sea, 54 ____ on the fossil bones of Siberia, 54 ____ fossil rhinoceros found entire by, 54 ____ on the calcareous springs of the Caucasus, 210 ____ on the action of currents in the Euxine, 294 ____ on the former union of the Caspian and Azof Seas, 320 ____ on the new island in the Sea of Azof, 321 Palma, geological description of the isle of, 388 ____ view of the isle of, and of the Caldera, see woodcut No. 16, 388 Panama, rise of the tides in the Bay of, 293 Papandayang, volcanic eruption of, 436 ____ its cone truncated, 437 Papa Stour, Shetland, waste of the granitic rocks of, 263 Paradise, Burnet on the seat of, 38 Papyrus rolls still legible discovered in Herculaneum, 356 ____ importance of their discovery entirely overlooked, 357 Paris Basin, alternation of marine and freshwater beds of the, first noticed by Soldani, 52 ____ freshwater formations of the, 99 M. Deshayes on the fossil shells of the, 100 Paris Basin, organic remains of the, 151 ____ number of shells found in the, 151 Parma, recent organic remains at, 94 ____ marshes and lakes filled up near, 183 ____ thickness of the tertiary marls near, 237 Parrot, on the Caspian sea, 319 Parry, Captain, highest northern latitude reached by, 109 Passo Manzanelli, waterfalls in the lava of, 178 Pasto, three volcanos in, 316 Patrizio's dialogues, 41 Pedamentina, description of the, 343 Pelagian formations, their internal arrangement, 310 Pembrokeshire, tradition of great loss of land in, 283 Pennant, on the encroachments of the sea on the Yorkshire coast, 266, 267 Penzance, loss of land near, 282 Perforating shells, 231 Persian Magi on the deluge, 22 Perthshire, scales of fish in the old red sandstone of, 148 Peru, only one volcano yet known in, 315 ____ subject to earthquakes, 315 ____ earthquake of 1746 in, 442 ____ volcanos in eruption at the same time in, 442 Petroleum springs in Sicily, 218 ____ on the Irawadi, 218 Pharos joined to Egypt by delta of Nile, 13 ____ formerly an island, 238 ____ Homer on its distance from Egypt, 238 ____ Shabo's remark on Homer's account of the isle of, 238 Phillips, Mr., on the rapid decay of the Yorkshire coast, 266 Phlegraean fields, volcanos of, see woodcut No. 12, 336 Physical Geography, proofs of former changes in, 125 Physico-theological systems ridiculed by the Italians, 41 Pichinco volcano, 315 Pietra Mala, escape of inflammable gas at, 14 Pignataro, on the earthquake of Calabria in 1783, 413 Pitch Lake of Trinidad, Dr. Nugent on the, 218 Pitea, gain of land at, in the Gulf of Bothnia, 228 Pius VII., edict against Galileo and the Copernican system, repealed by, 69 Plants, fossil, of the coal strata, 100 Plants, Baron Humboldt on the laws governing the distribution of, 101 Plastic force, fossil shells ascribed to, 23 Plastic virtue, theory of, 71 Plastic clay, destitute of mammiferous remains, 152 Plato, remarks on Egyptian cosmogony in the 'Timaeus' of, 9 Playfair, on the Huttoniun Theory, 65, 69 ____ on extinction of species, 86 ____ on the instability of the earth's surface, 197 Pliny the elder, 20 ____ on the delta of the Rhone, 232 ____ his account of the islands at the mouth of the Texel, 288 ____ on the gain of land at the mouths of the Tigris and Euphrates, 290 ____ his wonder that a day should pass without general conflagration, 470 ____ killed by eruption of Vesuvius A.D. 79, 331 Pliny the younger, his account of the eruption of Vesuvius in the year 79, 331 ____ does not mention the overwhelming of Herculaneum and Pompeii, 331 Plomb du Cantal, description of the, 395 Plot, organic remains ascribed to a 'plastic virtue,' by, 31 Pluche, theory of, 1732, 41 Plutarch, 9 Po, river, frequent shifting of its course, 183 ____ embankment of the, 184 ____ its surface above the houses of Ferrara, 184 ____ delta of the, 235 ____ and Adige, their union not yet complete, 253 Point del Gardo enlarged by earthquakes, 437 Polistena, fissures caused by earthquakes near, see woodcut No. 19, 417 ____ circular subsidence near, see woodcut No. 25, 422 ____ part of the town of, detached into a contiguous ravine, by landslips, 426 Pompeii, how destroyed, 349 ____ section of the mass enveloping, 350 ____ depth to which the ashes of the eruption of 1822 covered, 350 ____ has not been overflowed by lava, 352 ____ was a sea port, 353 ____ one-fourth now excavated, 354 ____ number of skeletons found in, 354 ____ objects preserved in, 354 ____ rolls of papyrus illegible in, 356 Pomponius Mela, his description of Mese, 233 Pomponius Mela, on the origin of Lake Flevo, 288 Pontanus, his account of the eruption in Ischia, 333 Ponte Leucano, quarries of travertin at, 208 Pont Gibaud, gneiss rocks decomposed by carbonic acid, 216 ____ calcareous springs near, 201 Poole Bay cut deeply into by the waves, 280 Popayan, volcanos in, 316 ____ shaken during earthquake of Bogota, 1827, 401 Port au Prince destroyed by earthquake in 1751, 440 Portland, Hooke's remarks on the fossil ammonites of, 33 ____ its peninsula continually wastes, 281 Port Royal, subsidence of the houses, &c., 446 Portugal, frequent earthquakes in, 323 ____ the mountains of, shattered by earthquake of, 1755, 438 Port Vallais ancient town in the delta of the Rhone, 221 Po Vecchio, a deserted channel of the Po, 183 Prevost, M., on the gypseous springs of Baden, near Vienna, 212 Prichard, Dr., on the cosmogony of the Egyptians, 9 ____ on the Egyptian theory of eternal succession, 156 Priory of Crail, its last remains swept away by the waves, 265 Procida, remarks of ancient writers on, 327 Progressive development of organic life, theory of, 144 Promontories, their effect in protecting low shores, 264 Psalmodi, formerly an island, 233 Puglia, fossil elephant found at, 25 Purbeck, its peninsula continually wasting, 281 Purchas, on the elevation of the coast of Chili, 442 Puzzuoli, Temple of Serapis near, 449 ____ ground plan of the environs of, see woodcut No. 30, 450 ____ sections on the shore to the north of, 451 ____ date of the re-elevation of the coast of, 457 ____ rate of the encroachment of the sea near, 458 Pyrenees, their relative age, height, &c., 137 ____ M. Boue on the strata of the, 138 ____ M. Dufrimoy on the relative age of the, 138 Pyrenees, M. Elie de Beaumont on the relative age of the, 138 Pythagoras, on Etna, 313 Pythagorean system, 12 QUADRUMANOUS animals not found fossil, 152 Quebec, excessive climate of, 107 Quero destroyed by earthquake, 1797, 410 Quilotoa, Lake, cattle killed by suffocating vaponrs from, 410 Quintero elevated by earthquake of 1822, to the height of four feet, 402 Quirini, theory of, 30 Quito, earthquake of, 1797, 410 ____ extent of the district convulsed, 410 ____ earthquake in, 1698, 445 RAFT, the, an immense mass of drift timber in the Mississippi, 187 Raffles, Sir S., his account of the eruption in Sumbawa, 1815, 404 Ramazzini ridicules Burnet's theory, 41 Raspe on islands shifting their position (note), 14 ____ his theory, 1763, 51 ____ on earthquakes, 51 ____ on the systems of Hooke, Ray, Moro, Buffon and others, 51 ____ on the former heat of the climate of Europe, 52 ____ on new islands raised within the time of history among the Azores, &c., 52 ____ his admiration of Hooke's writings, 52 ____ on the basalt of Hesse, 58 ____ on the elevation of the coast of Chili, 442 Ravenna formerly a sea-port, now four miles inland, 236 Ravines, size of those formed by Calabrian earthquake in 1783, 421 ____ in Calabria filled up with mud during earthquake of 1783, 427 Ray, his physico-theology, 35 ____ on earthquakes, 35 ____ on the effects of running water, 36 ____ on the encroachment of the sea upon the shores, 36 ____ on the consuming of the world by fire, 36 ____ his remarks on Woodward's diluvial theory, 37 ____ on the encroachment of the sea at Dunwich, 273 Re-creation of species after catastrophes taught by the ancients, 17 ____ taught by the Gerbanites, an Arabian sect, 17 Reculver cliff, encroachment of the sea on, 275 Recupero, his account of the advance of a lava-current, 366 Red River, formation of new lakes by the, 190 ____ and Mississippi, their junction probably very recent, 252 Refrigeration, Leibnitz's theory of, 40 Rennell, Major, on the delta of the Ganges, 241 ____ on the new islands formed by the Ganges, 243 ____ on the quantity of water discharged by the Ganges per second, 247 ____ on the proportion of sediment in its waters, 2-17 ____ on the causes of currents, 258 ____ his description of the wave called the Bore, 292 ____ on the drift sand at the mouth of the Nile, 300 Renovation and destruction of the world, an oriental dogma, 9 Reproductive effects of running water, 220 Resina overflowed by lava, 338 Rhine, description of its course, 285 ____ inroads of the sea upon its delta, 286 ____ size of its present delta, 286 Rhinoceros fossil, found entire by Pallas in Siberia, 54 Rhone, delta of the, in the Mediterranean, 232 ____ marine and freshwater shells in its delta, 234 ____ delta of the, in the Lake of Geneva, 250 ____ debris deposited at its confluence with the Arve, see diagram No. 6, 254 Riccioli, Signor, on the formation of a granular kind of travertin, 206 Richardson, Dr., on imbedding of animals in snow, 98 ____ on the formation of icebergs, 98 ____ on a calcareous formation near the Mackenzie river, 127 Riobamba destroyed by earthquake, 410 Rivers, difference in the sediment transported by, 90 ____ sinuosities of, see diagram No. 2, 170 ____ two equal, when they become confluent do not occupy bed of double surface, 173 Rocks, first divided into primary, secondary, and tertiary, by Arduino, 49 Kirwan on the aqueous origin of all, 68 hardest, rendered fit for soils by oxygen of the atmosphere, 169 Rocks, specific gravity of, compared to water, 172 ____ effect of carbonic acid on, 217 Roman road between Aix and Nismes, 233 ____ roads under water in the Bay of Baiae, 454 Rome principally built of travertin, 208 Romney marsh, land gained from the sea, 278 Ronchi, old Roman bridge of, found buried in fluviatile silt, 237 Ross, Captain, on icebergs in Baffin's Bay, 109 Rostock, 229 Rotaro, Monte, of recent aspect, 327 ____ structure of, 328 Rother, river, ancient vessel found in its old bed, 278 Runn, river in Bombay, subsidence of its channel, 406 Rye formerly destroyed by the sea, 278 SABINE, Captain, on the distance to which the waters of the Amazon discolour the sea, 292 ____ on the velocity of the current crossing the mouth of the Amazon, 309 Sabrina, island of, 409 Saco, flood on the river, 193 Salamanca, university of, 69 Salt, remarks on its deposition in the Mediterranean, 297 Salt springs, in Sicily, 215 ____ in Cheshire, 215 ____ in Auvergne, 215 ____ in Asia, 22 Samothracian deluge, 320 Sand, estuaries blocked up by blown, 269 ____ cones of, thrown up during Calabrian earthquake, 428 ____ blown, estuaries silted up by in Hampshire, &c., 300 Sanda, its promontory cut off by the sea, 263 Sandown Bay, excavated by the sea, 280 Sands of the Libyan desert, 301 Sandstone, old red, scales of fish found in the, 148 Sandwich land, perpetual snow in, down to the level of the sea beach, 110 San Filippo, travertin formed by the waters of the baths of, 203 ____ medallions formed by the travertin at, 204 Santa Maura, earthquake in, 403 Santorin, geological structure of, 385 ____ chart and section of, see woodcut No. 15, 385 Santorin, new islands in the gulf of, 386 ____ depth of the sea near, 386 San Vignone, travertin of, 202 Saracens, learning of the, 21 Saussure on the Alps and Jura, 54 Saxony, errors of Werner in the geology of, 57 ____ Werner on the basalts of, 58 Scandinavia represented as an island by the ancients, 227 Scarpellini, Professor at Rome, 69 Scheuchzer, account of his theory, 1708, 40 ____ on the remodelling of the earth at the deluge, 40 Scheveningen, waste of the cliffs of, 287 Scilla on the nature of organic remains, 1670, 29 ____ fall of the cliffs from the rock of, 429 ____ irruption of the sea on the rock of, 430 Scoresby, Captain, on the Gulf stream, 108 ____ on the quantity of ice which floats below surface, 111 ____ on the formation of field ice, 119 Scotland, highest mountains not covered by perpetual snow in, 111 ____ great floods in, August, 1829, 174 ____ waste of the East coast of, 263 ____ slight earthquakes felt in, 325 ____ great thickness of alluvions in, 433 Scrope, Mr. G. P., on the excavation of valleys, 171 ____ his account of the eruption of Vesuvius in 1822, 340 ____ his account of the formation of the pisolitic globules at Pompeii, 351 ____ on the eruption of Etna in 1811, 367 ____ his account of the advance of the lava of 1819, 368 ____ on the cause of the convexity of the plain of Malpais, 377 ____ on Monte Somma, 394 ____ on the columnar basalts of Vesuvius, 346 ____ on the eruption of the Solfatara, 346 Scylax, Canopus an island in the time of, 238 Sea does not change its level but land, 18 ____ said to diminish by Omar the Arabian, 21 ____ encroachment of noticed by Ray, 36 ____ Moro on the manner in which it acquired its saltness, 43 ____ its influence on climate, 111 ____ immense quantity of calcareous matter conveyed to the, 211 Sea, its encroachment on the Shetland isles, 259 ____ on the E. coast of Scotland, 263 ____ on the E. coast of England, 266 ____ on the S. coast of England, 278 ____ on the W. coast of England, 283 ____ great rise of at Sumbawa during eruption, 404 ____ earthquake of Lisbon felt at, 439 ____ great rise of, during Lisbon earthquake, 439 ____ cause of its retreat during earthquakes, 471 Seaford, its shingle bank swept away and town inundated, 279 Sea-ports, changes of level best seen in, 416 Secondary strata, Moro on the formation of, 43 ____ time required for the formation of, 87 ____ inference as to climate from the fossils of the, 100 ____ organic remains of the, 150 Sedgwick, Professor, on the tertiary deposits of the Salzburg Alps, 136 ____ on the Caithness schists, 148 ____ on the Magnesian limestone, 205 Sediment, its distribution in the Adriatic, 237 ____ in river water, 246 ____ quantity of, in the Yellow river, 246 ____ Rennell on the quantity of, in the Ganges, 247 ____ of the Ganges compared to the lavas of Etna, 248 Seminara, new lake formed by earthquake near, 422 ____ landslips near, 426 Sena, wood lapidified by the, 201 Seneca on a future deluge, 17 Serapis, temple of (see frontispiece), 449 ____ ground plan of the environs of the, see woodcut No. 30, 450 ____ Carelli, Signor, on the, 453 ____ perforation of the columns of the, 453 ____ date of its re-elevation, 456 Severn, rise of the tides in the estuary of the, 257 ____ gain of laud on the borders of its estuary, 283 Shakspeare, cited, 149 Shakspeare's cliff decays rapidly, 276 Shales, bituminous, 219 Sheppey, isle of, organic remains of the, 153 ____ rapid decay of the cliffs, 275 Sherringham, chalk cliffs undermined by the sea, 268 ____ rate of encroachment at, 268 Shetland Islands, action of the sea on the, 259 ____ rock masses drifted by the sea in, 259 ____ effect of lightning on rocks in the, 260 ____ passage forced by the sea in the, 261 ____ action of the sea on the granitic rocks of, see woodcuts No. 9 and 10, 262 Siberia, Pallas on the mountains of, 54 ____ Pallas on the fossil bones of, 54 ____ Rhinoceros found by Pallas entire in the frozen soil of, 54 Siberian Mammoths, 97 Sicily, title deeds of monasteries in, refer to destruction of world, 24 ____ organic remains of existing species found in, 94 ____ change of submarine lavas of, into amygdaloids, 128 ____ earthquake of, 1790, 411 ____ great subsidence in, 411 ____ sulphur, petroleum, &c. emitted by fissures in, 411 ____ earthquakes in, 1693, 445 ____ 100, 000 people killed in, 445 ____ and Syria, alternations of earthquakes in, 322 Sidon, its ancient site two miles from the sea, 308 Sienese territory, Baldassari on the grouping of organic remains in the marls of the, 47 Sienna, fossil shells of, 94 Silex, deposited by the Geysers of Iceland, 213 ____ deposited by the hot springs of Ischia, 214 ____ deposited by springs in St. Michael's, 213 ____ piles of Trajan's bridge converted into, 214 Siliceous springs of the Azores, 212 Silicification of Plants in St. Michael, 213 Silla, subsidence of the mountain, 407 Simeto, lava excavated by the, see diagram No. 3, 178 Sindree, subsidence of the fort and village of, houses not thrown down, 406 Skapta, river, its channel filled by lava, 372 Skaptar Jokul, eruption of in 1783, 372 ____ volume of the lava-current of, 373 Sleswick, waste of the coast of, 289 S. Lio, on Etna, great fissures in the plain of, 364 Sloane, Sir Hans, on earthquake of 1692 in Jamaica, 446 S. Lucido, torrents of mud caused by earthquake near, 427 Smeaton, on the effect of winds on the surface of water, 257 Smith, agreement of his system with Werner's, 58 ____ his 'Tabular view of the British strata,' 1790, 70 ____ his Map of England, 70 ____ priority of his arrangement, 71 ____ adopted provincial names in his classifications, 71 Smyrna, volcanic country round, 322 Smyth, Capt., on the permanency of the level of the Mediterranean, 452 ____ on the height of Etna, 361 ____ on the depth of the Mediterranean opposite the mouth of the Rhone, 234 ____ on the temperature of the Mediterranean (note), 53 Snow, height of perpetual in the Andes, 122 ____ perpetual, height of in Himalaya mountains, 122 Sodom, catastrophe of mentioned by Hooke, 34 Solander on basalt of Hecla, 58 Soldani, theory of, 1780, 52 ____ on microscopic testacea of Mediterranean, 52 ____ alternation of marine and freshwater beds of Paris basin, first noticed by, 52 Solent, its channel becoming broader, 280 Solfatara, lake of the, carbonic acid in its waters, 207 ____ a half-extinguished volcano, see woodcut No. 12, p. 336, 330 ____ tradition of an eruption from the, 333 ____ effects of the exhalations on its structure, 346 ____ the temple of Serapis probably submerged during the eruption of the, 456 Solon on submersion of Island of Atlantis, 10 Somersetshire, land gained in, 283 Somma, great number of dikes in, 345 Sorbonne, Buffon's' Declaration made to the college of the, 48 Sorea, volcanic eruption in the island of, 445 Soriano, great fissures near, 416 Soriano, change of relative level at, 416 ____ levelled to the ground by earthquakes in 1783, 425 ____ landslips near, see woodcut No. 26, 425 South Carolina, earthquake of, 1811, 407 South Downs, waste of the plastic clay on the, 279 South Sea Islands, proportion of ferns to phanerogamic plants in, 123 Spada, his theory of marine remains, 1737, 42 Spain, earthquakes in the southern part of, 323 Spallanzani, on analogy of deposits of ancient and modern seas, 53 Spanish lake, 190 Species, re-creation of alluded to by Seneca, 17 Spheroidal structure of the travertin of San Filippo, 204 ____ travertin of Tivoli, 208 Spina, ancient city in the delta of the Po, 236 Spitzbergen, animals inhabiting, 98 ____ glaciers of, 109 Springs, Vallisneri on the origin of, 41 ____ matter introduced into lakes and seas by, 90 ____ transporting power of, 198 ____ mineral ingredients in, 198 ____ mineral, most abundant in volcanic regions, 199 ____ temperature of, altered by earthquakes, 199 ____ Michell, on the origin of mineral, 199 ____ geographical distribution of, 200 ____ calcareous, rise through all rock formations, 200 ____ depositing sulphate of magnesia, 204 ____ calcareous between the Caspian and Black Seas, 211 ____ ferruginous, 214 ____ brine, 215 ____ waters of, affected by earthquakes in Calabria, 423 Spontaneous generation, theory of, 26 Spurn Point, its rapid decay, 266 ____ will in time become an island, 267 Stabire, objects preserved in the buried city of, 358 St. Andrew's, land swept away by the sea, 265 Start Island, separated from Sanda by the sea, 263 Staunton, Sir George, on the quantity of sediment in the Yellow river, 246 ____ his remarks on the time required to fill up the Yellow sea, 246 St. Domingo, subsidence of the coast of, during earthquake, 440 Steele, on Burnet's theory, 38 Stelluti, his theory of organic remains, 27 Steno, his theory, 1669, 27 ____ fossil shells compared with their recent analogues by, 28 ____ dissected a shark to compare with fossil, 28 ____ his awe of popular prejudices, 28 Stephenson, his account of the eruption of 1783 in Iceland, 372 Steppes, Russian, geology of the, 320 St. Eubal's in Portugal, engulphed by earthquake, 439 Stevenson, Mr., his account of drift-stones thrown on the Bell Rock, 265 ____ on the depth of the German ocean, 276 ____ on the bed of the German ocean, 306 Stewart, Dugald, on the Egyptian theories of eternal succession, 156 __ on the uniformity of animal instinct, 161 St. Helena, height of the tides at, 257 St. Jago greatly injured by earthquake in 1822, 401 St. Maura, houses and men destroyed by earthquakes in 1783, in the island of, 414 St. Michael, siliceous springs of, 212 St. Michael's Mount, tradition of inroads of the sea at, 283 Stonesfield, opossum of, 103 Storm of November, 1824, effect of, 279, 280, 282 Stour and Avon, cliffs at their mouth constantly undermined, 280 Strabo, his theory of elevation by earthquakes, 18 ____ his description of the delta of the Rhone, 232 ____ his remark on Homer's account of Pharos, 238 ____ on a volcanic eruption in Messina, 323 ____ his account of the formation of the Isle of Procida, 327 ____ on an eruption in Ischia, 327 Straits of Dover, Desmarest on the formation of, 277 ____ their depth, 277 Straits of Staveren formed in the 13th century, 277, 288 Straits of Gibraltar, description of the currents in the, 296 ____ supposed under-current in the, 298 ____ are becoming wider, 299 Straits of Pauxis, tide of the Amazon still sensible at the, 291 Stralsund, 229 Strata formed by currents in the Mediterranean, 308 Stratification of new deposits in deltas, 253 ____ of debris deposited by currents, see diagram No. 6, 254 ____ of submarine volcanic products, 390 Strato, hypothesis of, 18 Stromboli, its appearance during Calabrian earthquakes, 430 St. Sebastian, overflowed by volcanic alluvions, 349 St. Vincent's, volcanic eruption in, 407 Subapennine shells, arranged in families as in the bed of the Adriatic, 47 ____ proportion of living species among the, 94 ____ better known than those existing in seas of northern regions, 151 Subapennine strata, mammiferous remains of the, 151 ____ Baldassari on the, 51 ____ Odoardi on the distinct age of the, 51 ____ early theories of Italian geologists, concerning, 84 ____ their relative age, see woodcut No. 1, 136 Submarine forests, in the estuaries of the Tay and Forth, 265 ____ remarks on their origin, 270 ____ of Lancashire, 283 Submarine lavas, compactness of, 128 Submarine volcanic rocks, character of, 390 Submarine volcanos, 391 Subsidence in the Island of Sumbawa, 405 ____ of the channel of the Indus, during earthquake, 1819, 406 ____ of the mountain Silla, 407 ____ in the Caraccas, 1790, 411 ____ in Sicily, 1790, 411 ____ of the quay at Messina during the earthquake of 1783, 416 of houses in Catanzaro, without being injured, 426 of the quay at Lisbon, 438 of the coast of St. Domingo, 440 ____ of the coast of Sicily, 445 ____ in Jamaica, 446 ____ numerous proofs of, in the Bay of Baiae, buildings not destroyed, 454 ____ and elevation, proportion of, 476 ____ greater than elevation, 477 Subterranean volcanic rocks, 397 Successive development of organic life, 144 Suffolk, cliffs undermined, 271 Suffolk, retreat of the sea on the coast of, 271 Sullivan's Island, land carried away by the sea at, 291 Sulphur Island, emits vapour, 318 Sumatra, linear direction of the volcanos in, 319 Sumbawa, volcanic eruption in the island of, 1815, 403 Sunderbunds, parts of the delta of the Ganges, 241 Sunderland, Professor Sedgwick on the magnesian limestone of, 205 Sussex, remarks on the weald formation of, 130 ____ its coast constantly the prey of the sea, 279 Swanage Bay, excavated by the sea, 280 Swatch of no ground, description of, 242 ____ its size and depth, 242 Sweden, shells of existing species found at great heights in, 230 ____ free from earthquakes, 232 Symes, on petroleum springs of the Burman empire, 218 Syria, gain of land on its coasts, 308 ____ earthquakes in, 321 ____ and Sicily, earthquakes alternately in, 322 TABULAR view of the British strata, by Smith, 1790, 70 Tacitus on eruption of Vesuvius in 79, 331 Tangaran river, its channel stopped up by landslips, 444 Tagliamenta, delta of the, 236 ____ conglomerate forming by the, 237 Tampico, sediment transported by, 310 Taormina, relative age of the limestone of, 126 Targioni on the geology of Tuscany, 49 ____ on the origin of valleys, 49 ____ on the fossil elephants of Italy, 49 ____ found no difference in the deposits of hot and cold springs, 201 Tay, encroachment of the sea in its estuary, 264 Taylor, Mr. John, on the art of mining in England, 55 Taylor, Mr. R. C., on waste of Cromer Cliffs, 269 ____ on gain of land on coast of Norfolk, 270 ____ on the rise of the tides at Lowestoff, 272 Temperature, Raspe on the former high, of Europe, 52 ____ of Adriatic, Fortis on, 53 ____ of Mediterranean higher than that of sea without the Straits of Gibraltar, 53 Temperature, great changes in, 103 ____ difference of, in places in the same latitudes, 106 ____ causes of change in, 112 ____ causes required to effect a general change in, 115 Temruk, violent earthquakes frequent round, 321 Teneriffe, its peak an active solfatara, 380 ____ volcanic eruptions of, 380 ____ lateral eruptions of, in 1706, 443 Terni, limestone forming near, 206 Terranuova, great subsidence near, 411 ____ shift or fault in the Tower of, see woodcut No. 20, 417 ____ great landslips near, 424 Tertiary marls, their thickness near Parma, 237 Tertiary strata, remarks on the deposition of the, 150 Testa on shells common to Mediterranean and equinoctial seas, 53 Testa and Fortis, letters of, on fossil fish of Monte Bolca, 53 Texel, waste of the islands at its mouth, 288 Teyda, peak of, a counterpart of Barren Island, 390 Thames, gain and loss of land in its estuary, 275 ____ tide in its estuary longer in flowing down than up, 304 Thanet, Isle of, loss of land in, 276 ____ rate of encroachment in the, 276 Thompson, Dr., on siliceous incrustations near Monte Vico, 214 Thrace always subject to earthquakes, 323 Thucydides, his account of the early eruptions of Etna, 364 Thuringerwald, Professor Sedgwick on the strata of, 133 Tibur, growth of its delta accelerated by carbonate of lime, 207 Tides, height of, in the Bay of Bengal, 242 ____ their destroying and transporting power, 256 ____ height to which they rise, 257 ____ effect of winds on the, 257 ____ in the Atlantic and Pacific, 293 ____ in the Caribbean Sea, 293 Tiflis, numerous earthquakes in modern times at, 321 Tigris and Euphrates, their union a modern event, 252 ____ Pliny's remark on the rapid gain of land at its mouth, 291 Tignaux, Tower of, in the delta of the Rhone, 233 Time, effects of prepossessions in regard to the duration of past, 76 ____ every error as to quantity of, fatal to sound views in geology, 78 ____ consequence of underrating the quantity of past, 80 ____ great periods required to explain formation of secondary strata, 87 Tivoli, flood at, 196 Toledo, Signor, on the elevation of the coast of the Bay of Baiae, 457 Tomboro, volcano, great eruption from in 1815, 404 ____ town of, submerged, 405 Torre del Greco, overflowed by lava, 358 ____ town of, again built on its ancient site, 358 ____ fertility of the country around, 358 ____ columnar lavas of Vesuvius seen at, 345 Torre del Annunziata, columnar lava of Vesuvius seen at, 345 Torrents, action of, in widening valleys, 170 Torum, overwhelmed by the sea, 289 Tradition, of the submersion of the Lionnesse, 283 ____ of great losses of land in Pembrokeshire, &c., 283 ____ of the destruction of the southwestern part of Brittany, 284 Travertin, formed by the Elsa, 201 ____ of San Vignone cut off by the river Oreia, see diagram No. 4, 202 ____ of Hungary, 211 ____ of San Filippo, 203 ____ a foot of, formed in every four months at San Filippo, 204 ____ spheroidal structure of, 204 ____ comparison between, and the English magnesian limestone, 205 ____ oolitic, recent formation of, in Lancerote, 384 Trezza, travertin formed by the spray of the sea on the rocks of, 384 Trinidad, subsidence in, and land replaced by a small pitch lake, 218 ____ violently shaken by earthquakes, 437 Troil on the columnar basalt of Hecla, 58 Truncated volcanic cones, 392 Tunguragua volcano, 315 ____ great mud eruption from, 410 Tunza river, its course changed by earthquake, 401 Tuscan geologists opposed to diluvial theory, 42 Tuscany, Steno on the geology of, 28 ____ Targioni on the geology of, 49 ____ calcareous springs of, 201 Tyre now far inland, 308 Tyrol, Dolomieu on the, 60 UDDEVALLA, M. Brongniart on the fossil shells of, 230 Ulloa, his diluvial theory, 441 Urmia, Lake, marble deposited from springs near, 211 ____ its size, &c., 321 Universal formations of Werner, 57 Universal ocean, of Leibnitz, 40 ____ adopted by Buffon and De Luc, 40 ____ causes which led Vallisneri to believe in, 41 ____ disproved by organic remain, 91 Unalaschka, new island thrown up near 409 Uniformity of Nature, 85, 105, 164, 311, 337 ____ Playfair, on the, 86 ____ Dr. Paley's remarks on the, 159 Uniformity of volcanic operations in Italy In ancient and modern times 337 ____ of the action of earthquakes, 460 VAL D'ARNO, organic remains of the, 152 Val di Noto, Dolomieu on the strata of the, 60 ____ submarine lavas of the, 325 Valecillo, water ejected through fissures during earthquakes in, 407 Vale of Gosau, Professor Sedgwick and Mr. Murchison on the tertiary deposits of the, 136 Valle das Furnas, hot springs of the, 213 Valley del Bove, lava of 1819 poured into the, 318 Valley of Calanna, lava of 1819 poured over the head of the, 368 Valleys, Targioni on the origin of, 49 ____ De Luc's theory of the excavation of, 70 ____ Hutton's theory of the excavation of, 70 ____ excavation of, in Central France 176 ____ matter transported by rivers almost all subtracted from, 249 ____ the excavation of, greatly assisted by earthquakes, 431 Vallisneri on the origin of springs, 41 ____ drew first sketch of marine deposits of Italy, 41 ____ on the danger of connecting theories in physical science with the sacred writings, 41 ____ contends against St. Jerome and others as to the origin of springs 41 ____ universal ocean of, 41 ____ contends against Woodward's diluvial theory, 42 Vallisneri, on primary rocks, 62 Valparaiso, soundings in the harbour of, changed by earthquake in 1822, 402 ____ country round permanently elevated in 1822, to the height of three feet, 402 ____ houses not thrown down when its coast was elevated, 455 Van Diemen's Land, climate of, 111 Veins, mineral, remarks on their formation, 423 Vera Cruz destroyed by earthquake, 443 Vernon, Rev. W. V., his memoir on bones of the mammoth, bison, &c., in Yorkshire, 96 Vernon, Rev. C.V., fossil saurian, &c., found in mountain limestone by, 129 Verona, petrifactions found at, 23 ____ Spada on the fossils of, 42 ____ Arduino on the mountains of, 49 Veronese, Majoli's remarks on the shells of the, 26 Vertebrated animals in the oldest strata, 147 Vesta, temple of, 197 Vesuvius, excavation of volcanic tuff on the side of, in 1822, 176 ____ early history of, 330 ____ recognised as a volcano by Strabo, 330 ____ account of the great eruption, A.D. 79, 330 ____ first recorded eruption of lava by, 333 ____ eruption of 1631, 338 ____ eruption of 1822, 340 ____ depth of the crater of, 340 ____ structure of the cone of, 341 ____ dikes in, how formed, 342 ____ probable section of, see woodcut No. 13, 344 ____ mineralogical description of the lavas of, 345 ____ columnar lavas of, 345 ____ account of the minerals found in the lavas of, 347 Vetch, Capt., on the recent eruption of Jorullo, 379 Vevey, depth of lake of Geneva near, 222 Vicentin, Dolomieu on the, 60 ____ Arduino on the submarine lavas of the, 85 Vicenza, Arduino on the mountains of, 49 Vienna, gypseous springs of, 212 Villa Franca, disintegration of primary boulders by carbonic acid at, 217 Villages, forty destroyed by one eruption in Java in 1772, 436 Villarica volcano in perpetual activity, 315 Virgil, cited, 157 Viterbo, travertin deposited at the Bulicami of, 206 Vito Amici on Moro's system, 46 Vivarais, Guettard on the basalts of the, 1775, 58 ____ Faujas on the basaltic lavas of the, 1779, 58 Vivenzio, his account of the earthquake of Calabria in 1783, 412 ____ on the filling up of valleys by landslips, 427 ____ on the formation of lakes by landslips, 427 Volcanic vents, remarks on their position, 313 Volcanic regions, their geographical boundaries, 314 ____ of the Andes, 314 ____ extending from the Aleutian isles to the Moluccas, 317 ____ of the old world, 318 Volcanic cones, truncation of, 392 Volcanic products, mineral composition of, 395 Volcanic rocks, subterranean, 397 Volcanic eruption, in Sumbawa, 1815, 403 ____ in St. Vincent, 1812, 407 ____ distance to which its explosions were heard, 407 Volcanic eruptions, causes of, 467 ____ average number of per annum, 397 Volcanos, safety valves according to Strabo, 19 ____ duration of past time proved by extinct, 88 ____ extinct ones not to be included with those in activity, 325 ____ destroying and renovating agency of the Campanian, 359 ____ why most are near the sea, 468 Volcanos of Auvergne, Desmarest on their relative ages, 59 ____ Montlosier on the, 1788, 60 Voltaire, his dislike of cultivators of geology, 65 ____ bad faith of, on geological subjects, 66 ____ his remarks on the systems or Burnet and Woodward, 66 ____ on the discovery of fossil bones near Etampes, 66 Volterra, remarks of Mattani on the fossil shells of, 42 Von Buch, shells of existing species in Sweden found at great heights by, 230 ____ his theory of the gradual rising of the shores of the Baltic, 231 ____ his account of the volcanic eruption in Lancerote, 381 ____ his theory of elevation craters considered, 386 Von Buch, on the new island thrown up near Kamtschatka, 408 Vulcanists, persecution of, in England, 67 ____ and Neptunists, factions of, 60 WAAL, river, 286 Water, action of running, 168 ____ its power on freezing, 169 ____ solvent power of, 169 ____ excavating power of, 170 ____ transporting power of, 171 ____ velocity of running, greatest at surface and least at bottom, 172 ____ its power in moving stones, 174 Wallerius, theory of, 53 Wallich, Dr., fossils in Ava discovered by, 33 Walton Naze, cliffs annually undermined, 275 Warp of the Humber, stratification of the, 254 Warton, his eulogy on Burnet, 38 Weald clay, on the formation of the, 134 Webster, Dr., on the hot springs of Furnas, 213 Webster, Mr., on the decay of the chalk cliffs of Sussex, 278 Weddell, Captain, high latitude reached by in the antarctic circle, 109 Werner, Professor of mineralogy at Freyberg, 1775, 55 ____ geognosy of, 55 ____ applied geology to the art of mining, 55 ____ excursive character of his lectures, 56 ____ his sweeping generalizations, 56 ____ faith of his scholars in his doctrines, 56 ____ his views eventually prejudicial to the progress of geology, 56 ____ universal formations of, 56 ____ his errors in the geology of his own country, 57 ____ on the granite of the Hartz mountains, 57 ____ principal merit of the system of, 57 ____ his erroneous theory of basalt, 58 ____ his observations on basalt confined to Saxony and Hesse, 58 ____ taught that there were no volcanos in the primeval ages, 58 ____ technical terms of, 71 Wernerian errors, why adopted in England, 60 West Indian isles, active volcanos in, 317 West Indies, Hooke on an earthquake in the, 34 ____ earthquake of Lisbon felt in, 439 Weymouth, height to which the tide rises at, 257 Whirlwinds violent during the eruption of Tomboro in Sumbawa, 404 Whiston, his Theory of the Earth, 38 ____ proposed a new interpretation of Genesis, 39 ____ his theory panegyrised by Locke, 39 ____ attacked and refuted by Keill, 39 White Mountains, landslips in the, 193 Whitehurst, theory of, 1778, 53 ____ on the rocks of Derbyshire, 53 ____ on the depth to which the quay at Lisbon subsided, 439 Williams, his Natural History of the mineral kingdom, 1789, 67 ____ misrepresents Hutton's theory, 67 Winchelsea destroyed by the sea, 278 Winds, trade, 118 Winds, currents caused by the, 257 ____ sand drifted by the, 300 Wismar, 229 Wollaston, Dr., on the water of the Mediterranean, 296 Wood, dicotyledonous, in the coal strata of Northumberland, 147 ____ in the graywacke of Cork, 147 Woodward, his theory of the Earth, 1695, 36 ____ all geological phenomena referred by, to the creation and deluge, 37 ____ Ray's remarks on, 37 ____ his theory ridiculed by Hutchinson, 40 ____ Voltaire's remarks on the theory of, 66 Woodwardian theory, 80 ____ Vallisneris's remarks on the, 41 XANTHUS, the Lydian, his theory, 18 YARMOUTH, sea does not encroach at, 269 ____ large estuary silted up, 270 ____ rise of the tide at, 270 Yellow river, Sir G. Staunton on the quantity of sediment in the, 246 Yorkshire, bones of the mammoth found in, 96 ____ Pennant's account of the invasion of its coasts by the sea, 266 ____ its coast continually wasting, 266 ZANTE, earthquakes in the island of in 1783, 414 Zingst, peninsula converted into an island, 295 Zuyder Zee, account of its formation, 288
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